In order for the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus to replicate, it relies on the main protease as a key enzyme. The virus first has its genome translated from RNA into a large protein strand. The viral main protease then cuts this protein chain into smaller pieces, from which the new virus particles are formed. "The main protease is an extremely promising starting point for coronavirus drug research," says Prof. Dr. Christa E. Müller of the Pharmaceutical Institute at the University of Bonn. "If this enzyme is blocked, viral replication in the body's cells is stopped." The researcher is a member of the Transdisciplinary Research Area "Life and Health" at the University of Bonn.
The pharmaceutical chemists designed a large number of potential inhibitors based on the structure of the main protease and the mechanism by which the important virus-replicating enzyme works. "A suitable inhibitor must bind sufficiently tightly to the main protease to be able to block its active site," says Prof. Dr. Michael Gütschow, who heads an independent research group on such inhibitors at the Pharmaceutical Institute of the University of Bonn.
Fluorescent test system
Then the experimental phase began. The researchers developed a new test system for high-throughput screening. They offered the main protease a substrate to which a reporter molecule was coupled. When the protease catalytically cleaved this coupling, the fluorescence of the product was measurable. However, if a simultaneously administered inhibitor successfully blocked the activity of the protease, there was no fluorescence. "For most of the test compounds, we observed no enzyme inhibition. But on rare occasions in our comprehensive tests, fluorescence was suppressed: These were the hits we had hoped for in our search for inhibitors of the viral protease," reports Gütschow.
Like chewing gum at the catalytic center
The researchers' high-throughput screening showed two classes of drugs that appeared to be particularly promising. Customized compounds of both classes were then newly synthesized. They stick to the main protease like chewing gum and block the crucial catalytic center, which prevents the main protease from preparing the virus replication. "Some of the compounds even have another effect," Müller reports. "They also inhibit a human enzyme that helps the virus enter body cells."
The participants contributed very different expertise to the study. "Only through great collaboration have we been able to design, synthesize and biochemically characterize suitable drug candidates," says Gütschow. "The best compounds represent promising lead structures for drug development," according to Müller. However, extensive clinical trials have yet to prove whether these candidates also inhibit SARS coronavirus-2 replication in humans, Gütschow adds.
Participating institutions and funding
In addition to the lead University of Bonn, the Institute of Virology and Immunobiology at the University of Würzburg was also involved. The study was supported with funds from the Pharmaceutical Institute of the University of Bonn.
Publication: Julian Breidenbach, Carina Lemke, Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar, Laura Schäkel, Ghazl Al Hamwi, Miriam Diett, Robin Gedschold, Nina Geiger, Vittoria Lopez, Salahuddin Mirza, Vigneshwaran Namasivayam, Anke C. Schiedel, Katharina Sylvester, Dominik Thimm, Christin Vielmuth, Lan Phuong Vu, Maria Zyulina, Jochen Bodem, Michael Gütschow and Christa E. Müller: Targeting the Main Protease of SARS-CoV-2: From the Establishment of High Throughput Screening to the Design of Tailored Inhibitors, Angewandte Chemie, DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016961
Contacts:
Prof. Dr. Christa E. Müller
Pharmazeutisches Institut
Universität Bonn
Tel. +49 (0)228/732301
E-mail: christa.mueller@uni-bonn.de
Prof. Dr. Michael Gütschow
Pharmazeutisches Institut
Universität Bonn
Tel. +49 (0)228-732317
E-mail: guetschow@uni-bonn.de
