The researchers invited employees in health care to take part in an online survey from April to July last year, i.e. during the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic. “Alongside physicians and nursing staff, this also included two groups who have so far been overlooked in the discussion,” explains Prof. Dr. Franziska Geiser, Director of the Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy at University Hospital Bonn. “Firstly, the comparatively small number of pastoral workers in the hospitals. And, secondly, the many medical and technical employees – the medical technical assistants within examination, radiology, and the laboratories.”
More than 4,300 completed questionnaires were evaluated during the current study. A good 80 percent of the participants worked in hospitals at the time of the survey, 11 percent at University Hospital Bonn. They were asked to state, among other things, how stressed they felt by their work at present and before the survey and how often they suffered from symptoms of depression and anxiety. Information was also collected on three possible “resilience factors”, which are assumed to protect against mental consequences of stress: social support, religiosity, and sense of coherence.
Over 20 percent with pronounced symptoms of depression
More than 20 percent of the respondents in each case stated that they had symptoms of depression or anxiety to an extent requiring treatment. “We do not know exactly what the situation was like for this sample before the pandemic,” explains Geiser. “However, the values found are higher than in earlier studies among physicians and nursing staff, so we can assume there has been an increase during the pandemic. While, during normal times, physicians and nurses display higher mental strain than the rest of the population, they actually had lower anxiety values during the pandemic in our survey. This naturally makes us curious about possible protective factors.” All the more so as Geiser is part of an interdisciplinary DFG research group at the University of Bonn, which is dedicated to researching resilience.
Sense of coherence particularly stands out among the potential resilience factors. The term comes from salutogenesis, a concept developed by medical expert Aaron Antonovsky in the 1980s, which focuses on searching for health-promoting factors and attitudes. “Sense of coherence refers to the extent to which we perceive our life as understandable, meaningful, and manageable,” explains Jonas Schmuck from Geiser’s working group, who is the lead author of the study together with Dr. Nina Hiebel. The more pronounced the sense of coherence among employees, the less often they suffered from mental symptoms. “However, a causal relationship cannot necessarily be derived from this,” says Geiser as a warning against drawing premature conclusions. “It may also be the case that anxiety or depression themselves minimize perceived coherence.”
Medical technical assistants suffered greatest from mental consequences
Nevertheless, she believes that this factor actually makes us more resilient to stress and particular challenges. In her view, the study thus brings to light important conclusions on how people should handle crises like the Covid-19 pandemic in the future: “The more complex the situation, the better we need to communicate,” she stresses. “Uncertainties and also contradictions, such as with regard to protective measures or treatment processes, are unavoidable in a new situation like the pandemic. The better it is explained to employees why this is the case and the more personal meaning they experience in their work, the better they can handle it. Timely information is therefore essential.” This information should not only flow in one direction, according to Geiser. “It is important to enter into a dialogue that also allows for questions and responses to concerns,” she says.
Incidentally, those who suffered greatest from the mental consequences of the pandemic in the study were the medical technical assistants. “We can only speculate as to why this is the case,” explains the researcher. “However, we should definitely bear in mind that it is not only the intensive care wards that are put under pressure in such situations, but the entire system. We must also encourage those who are perhaps not in the limelight quite so much but are often forgotten as helpers in the background.” Pastoral workers also stated an increase in stress due to the pandemic, although, in comparison to the other professional groups, they displayed the most pronounced sense of coherence and the fewest symptoms of anxiety and depression.
Participating institutions and funding:
The study involved the University Hospitals in Bonn, Erlangen, Ulm, and Cologne, and the Faculty of Medicine at TU Dresden. It was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) as part of the research group “Resilience in Religion and Spirituality” and by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the Network University Medicine (NUM). Franziska Geiser is also a member of the Transdisciplinary research area “Life and Health” at the University of Bonn.
Publication:
Jonas Schmuck, Nina Hiebel, Milena Rabe, Juliane Schneider, Yesim Erim, Eva Morawa, Lucia Jerg-Bretzke, Petra Beschoner, Christian Albus, Julian Hannemann, Kerstin Weidner, Susann Steudte-Schmiedgen, Lukas Radbruch, Holger Brunsch & Franziska Geiser: Sense of coherence, social support and religiosity as resources for medical personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic: A web-based survey among 4324 health care workers within the German Network University Medicine. PLOS ONE; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255211