The potato is one of the most important food crops in the world. One major threat to the reliability of tuber yields and the high quality of this basic foodstuff in the future is how susceptible potato plants are to heat and dry spells—two phenomena that climate change is causing ever more frequently, either together or in succession. Periods of hot weather and drought often follow on from regional flooding caused by heavy rain, which can destroy entire harvests within the space of a few days. Up until recently, however, little was known about how potatoes respond to these multiple stresses.
After four years of intense research, an international team led by the University of Vienna has now supplied some important fundamental insights into how the crop can be made to cope with climate change. The researchers have made some valuable findings about how potato plants respond to hot and dry weather and to waterlogging caused by flooded fields. This saw them take samples from potato plants during critical phases in their growth and obtain measurements in order to study specific characteristics and adaptive reactions at molecular level that will help to cultivate better-adapted potato varieties in the future. In its field tests, which covered an area from Spain and Serbia to Austria and the Netherlands and involved some 50 varieties grown in a range of climatic conditions, the team identified some significant differences in the yield stability of individual varieties. Although many varieties often produce higher yields under ideal conditions, the extreme stress conditions that we have seen at times in recent years revealed that varieties whose yields tended to be somewhat smaller proved particularly stable in yield terms when placed under stress. The question that now needed answering was what made these varieties so much better at handling extreme drought and heat.
To this end, the field tests were supplemented with experiments conducted in greenhouses and laboratories, where the stress conditions can be regulated precisely and responses to stress can be observed at cellular level—“live,” as it were. At the University of Bonn, for example, the working group led by Professor Ute Vothknecht from the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Botany worked with colleagues from Durham University and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg to develop potato varieties that enable secondary messengers such as calcium to be analyzed. These are key to translating perceived changes in environmental conditions into cellular responses.
The experiments allowed the ADAPT team to monitor metabolic changes based on patterns of gene expression, hormones or metabolites and to identify specific stress signatures. The researchers have thus laid some valuable foundations for developing markers for how potatoes might be grown in the future.
The EU’s ADAPT project brought together the mutually complementary expertise of 10 leading scientific research institutions, four potato growers, a developer of screening technologies, an agency and a nonprofit EU alliance in order to study the mechanisms that underpin the potato’s resistance to multiple stresses. “It was this combination that enabled us to tackle these complex challenges at such a high level and base ourselves on the needs of the community and the various stakeholders,” says project lead Dr. Markus Teige, a cellular biologist at the University of Vienna, explaining the team’s approach. “I believe this is the right path for future research to take in terms of more climate-resilient crops, and it is one that should be followed in subsequent projects.”
Link to the University of Vienna press release: https://medienportal.univie.ac.at/media/aktuelle-pressemeldungen/detailansicht/artikel/wie-gestresste-kartoffeln-klimafit-werden/
